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Điều thú vị đầu tiên là hoa bia được thêm vào bia vì chúng có đặc tính bảo quản tự nhiên. Về sau, hoa bia được đánh giá cao trong việc tạo ra hương vị thơm ngon đặc trưng cho nhiều loại bia nổi tiếng. Quan trọng hơn hoa bia còn tốt cho sức khỏe con người vì được dùng để sản xuất thuốc thư giãn, an thần tự nhiên…
Tạo hương vị cho bia
Có lẽ loài hoa này được các nhà sản xuất bia và những người uống bia biết đến nhiều nhất, bởi hoa bia tạo mùi thơm và hương vị của bia. Vào khoảng thế kỷ thứ X, hoa bia đã được thêm vào công thức cơ bản của bia. Kỷ lục bằng văn bản lâu đời nhất (từ năm 1067) còn tồn tại ghi chép về việc sử dụng hoa bia để sản xuất bia thủ công. Năm 1516, Wilhelm IV (vua nước Phổ) quy định tất cả bia Đức phải có mạch nha, hoa bia và nước.
Hoa bia tạo độ đắng cần thiết, hương vị ngọt ngào của mạch nha và tác dụng hỗ trợ cho men bia hơn các vi sinh vật khác hình thành trong quá trình lên men. Những nhà sản xuất bia đầu tiên sử dụng một hỗn hợp thảo dược để tạo hương vị cho bia, nhưng sau đó đã chuyển sang dùng hoa bia. Vào thời Trung cổ, khi nước không được xử lý an toàn để uống, bia là loại nước giải khát được lựa chọn, ngay cả đối với trẻ em. Hầu hết các làng đều có khu vườn hoa bia, cánh đồng lúa mạch và 1-2 nhà máy bia nhỏ.
Cây hoa bia là một cây leo thân thảo lâu năm (có thể khai thác đến 30 năm). Hoa đực và hoa cái mọc trên các cây riêng biệt. Chất đắng và tinh dầu thơm có chủ yếu trong phần nhụy của hoa cái, mà hàm lượng các chất này ở hoa cái chưa thụ phấn cao hơn nên trong sản xuất bia, người ta chỉ sử dụng hoa cái chưa thụ phấn.
Hoa bia được dùng để sản xuất thuốc an thần tự nhiên và dùng làm thuốc chữa bệnh
Hoa bia đã được sử dụng để chữa bệnh trong nhiều thế kỷ. Hoa bia nổi tiếng là loại thảo dược có tác dụng an thần. Nhiều bộ lạc người Mỹ bản địa đã sử dụng thảo dược từ hoa bia để điều trị đau và mất ngủ. Người dân tiểu bang Delaware (Hoa Kỳ) thường có các túi nhỏ chứa hoa bia nóng để chườm giúp làm giảm đau răng hoặc tai. Họ cũng uống trà hoa bia để có giấc ngủ ngon. Ở châu Âu, hoa bia được sử dụng để giảm đau khớp, chữa sốt, điều trị bệnh tim, tiêu chảy và hysteria. Vua George III của Anh đã ngủ trên một chiếc gối nhồi hoa bia để làm dịu tinh thần, sự lo lắng và rối loạn tâm thần. Abraham Lincoln cũng vậy, ông thường dựa vào gối hoa bia để thư giãn và cải thiện giấc ngủ.
Trong y học hiện đại, hoa bia được đánh giá cao về tác dụng thư giãn, an thần. Một chiếc gối nhồi hoa bia khô được coi là công cụ hiệu quả để chống lại chứng mất ngủ. Trà làm từ hoa bia rất tốt trong việc làm dịu căng thẳng thần kinh. Vị đắng của hoa bia giúp tăng cường và kích thích tiêu hóa, làm giảm co thắt cơ trơn đường tiêu hóa liên quan đến hội chứng ruột kích thích.
Hầu hết các nghiên cứu khoa học đánh giá hiệu quả của hoa bia đối với chứng lo âu và giấc ngủ đã được tiến hành trên sự kết hợp của hoa bia và cây nữ lang. Nghiên cứu lâm sàng đã chỉ ra rằng, sự kết hợp này có hiệu quả hơn so với giả dược và hiệu quả tương tự với các thuốc benzodiazepin (thuốc ngủ) về thời gian ngủ và cải thiện chất lượng giấc ngủ. Không có nghiên cứu nào báo cáo chứng mất ngủ trở lại khi ngưng dùng các thảo dược này và việc dùng hoa bia cũng không gây buồn ngủ quá mức vào buổi sáng.
Một số nghiên cứu khác đang quan tâm đến việc sử dụng hoa bia để làm giảm các triệu chứng mãn kinh. Các nhà nghiên cứu đã xác định được prenylnaringenin là hợp chất quan trọng trong hoa bia liên quan đến hoạt động nội tiết tố. Một nghiên cứu kéo dài 6 tuần ở phụ nữ mãn kinh cho thấy, chiết xuất hoa bia làm giảm số lượng các cơn bốc hỏa, đổ mồ hôi trộm và mất ngủ. Một nghiên cứu khác cho thấy, một loại gel bôi tại chỗ có chứa axit hyaluronic, vitamin E và chiết xuất hoa bia chiết xuất giúp đáng kể tình trạng khô âm đạo ở phụ nữ sau mãn kinh. Hoa bia có thể là một lựa chọn hay thay cho liệu pháp hormon thông thường, nhưng cần nhiều nghiên cứu sâu hơn để xác định sự an toàn lâu dài.
Nghiên cứu hiện đại còn cho thấy, hoa bia là một nguồn chất chống ôxy hóa đáng kể, ngang tầm với rượu vang đỏ; có tác dụng ngăn ngừa loãng xương và ngăn chặn sự hình thành sỏi thận.
Một số lưu ý khi sử dụng
Với khả năng kích thích tăng hoạt động nội tiết tố của hoa bia, phụ nữ bị ung thư vú hoặc có nguy cơ mắc bệnh này nên tránh sử dụng. Việc tiêu thụ quá nhiều hoa bia có thể dẫn đến đau dạ dày, kinh nguyệt không đều và giảm ham muốn ở nam giới. Sự an toàn trong thai kỳ chưa được nghiên cứu đến, vì vậy, phụ nữ có thai không nên tự ý sử dụng. Hoa bia có tác dụng an thần, vì vậy người lái xe hoặc vận hành máy móc lớn không nên sử dụng hoa bia.
Tiến sĩ – Lương y: Phùng Tuấn Giang
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