Tìm hiểu về văn hóa bia Bỉ phần 2

8:15 am 03/08/2019 4135 lượt xem

“Nói đến bia thì phải nhắc đến Bỉ cũng giống như nói đến rượu vang thì phải nhắc đến Pháp”, có lẽ đó là một cách nói giảm tránh của giới chuyên môn khi bàn về vị trí “ngôi vua” của bia Bỉ.

Bởi lẽ, trong khi Bỉ chỉ đóng góp 1% cho sản lượng bia toàn cầu, thì sản lượng xuất xưởng tính theo đầu người của Bỉ lại gấp những 10 lần so với mức trung bình toàn thế giới. Nói một cách tương đối, thì Bỉ có thể được xem là nhà xuất khẩu bia hàng đầu của châu Âu.

văn hóa bia Bỉ, bia thủ công

Và mặc dù chỉ với con số khoảng 2 tỉ lít bia/1 năm, rõ ràng Bỉ không phải là nước sản xuất bia lớn nhất châu Âu, mà vị trí đầu bảng hẳn phải là thuộc về Đức. Thế nhưng, nói đến sự đa dạng và tính cầu kỳ, linh hoạt trong văn hóa bia của nó, thì có lẽ Đức, Tiệp hay bất kỳ quốc gia nào khác trên thế giới cũng không thể nào sánh bằng được với bia Bỉ. Không thể chối cãi rằng đó là điều mà bia Bỉ đã khiến cả thế giới phải công nhận. Sản lượng bia dành cho xuất khẩu của đất nước này chiếm gần đến 2/3 so với sản lượng sản xuất của họ, có nghĩa là sản lượng họ sản xuất nhiều hơn sản lượng tiêu thụ, có lẽ đó cũng chính là lý do khiến Bỉ được xem là “nhà vô địch của châu Âu”.

Nhưng trên hết, điều gì đã định nghĩa nên bia Bỉ, bí mật gì đã khiến cho nó trở nên độc đáo đến nỗi Unesco đã phải công nhận bia Bỉ là một di sản của thế giới? Khiến người dân Bỉ không khỏi tự hào và khiến cả thế giới phải tôn vinh, ngưỡng mộ đến thế?

văn hóa bia Bỉ, bia thủ công

Thưởng lãm bia Petrus Blond Ale, một dòng bia vàng nhẹ độ truyền thống của Bỉ

Bí mật thứ 1 của văn hóa bia Bỉ:

Điều đầu tiên và quan trọng nhất chính là sự đa dạng về phong cách bia truyền thống của Bỉ, từ những dòng bia Tu viện được nấu ủ dưới bàn tay tài hoa và tâm huyết trên từng mẻ bia của các thầy tu Bỉ, cho đến những dòng bia chua Lambic (Lambiek) huyền thoại được lên men từ những chủng nấm men hoang dại tự nhiên; và một con số ấn tượng mà không một nền văn hóa hay ngành công nghiệp bia nào trên thế giới có thể soán được ngôi của Bỉ: Hơn 1.600 loại bia Bỉ khác nhau, theo thống kê của Unesco năm 2016.

Sự đa dạng của bia Bỉ dường như bất tận không kể xiết, từ quy trình sản xuất, đến màu sắc, kết cấu của bia, đến phương pháp lên men, các chủng nấm men được sử dụng…và tất nhiên, là cả kho tàng kiến thức, và công thức nấu ủ truyền thống cổ xưa được lưu truyền lại…

Vào đầu thế kỷ 20, Bỉ có hơn 3000 xưởng nấu bia, và hơn 200,000 quán café, có nghĩa là cứ mỗi năm nóc nhà tại Bỉ lại có 1 quán café? Mô hình tự nấu, tự tiêu thụ bia ngay tại nhà những năm trở lại đây đã giảm đi nhiều, thay vào đó là sự ra đời của các nhà máy bia Bỉ với quy mô lớn hơn, và theo ước tính cho đến cuối năm 2017, cả nước Bỉ chỉ còn khoảng hơn 200 nhà máy sản xuất bia Bỉ với quy mô lớn nhỏ khác nhau…

Bên cạnh các dòng bia truyền thống vốn dĩ được người Bỉ và người tiêu dùng khắp thế giới yêu chuộng như một thức uống đậm chất truyền thống, thì lượng tiêu thụ những dòng bia Bỉ đặc biệt tính trên đầu người hằng năm lại có xu hướng tăng dần lên.

văn hóa bia Bỉ, bia thủ công

Saint-Arnoldus (1040-1087) – Vị thánh bảo trợ của những người hái hoa bia (hop-pickers) và những người làm bia Bỉ (beer brewing).

Bí mật thứ 2 của văn hóa bia Bỉ:

Được nấu ủ bởi những bậc thầy ủ bia thủ công hàng đầu thế giới: Bia Bỉ không chỉ được xem là “sản vật quốc gia”, mà còn là “bí quyết gia truyền”, là niềm tự hào của riêng mỗi gia đình có truyền thống nấu ủ bia lâu đời tại Bỉ. Mỗi một bí quyết trong từng công đoạn của quy trình ủ bia, đều là sự kế thừa, và được nối nghiệp bởi những thế hệ kế vị xứng đáng. Cũng chính nhờ mô hình “cha truyền con nối” này mà những tinh hoa, tâm huyết và tình yêu bia Bỉ từ những thế hệ đầu tiên cứ thế được lưu truyền.

Và thậm chí, còn hơn thế nữa, theo thời gian, nhờ sự sáng tạo không ngừng của những thế hệ trẻ kế vị, những người vừa được xem là những bậc thầy sản xuất bia thủ công lành nghề, nhưng đồng thời cũng là những “nghệ sĩ” luôn biết cách thổi những làn gió tươi mới vào nền văn hóa di sản mà cha ông đã để lại, mà ngày nay, kho tàng bia Bỉ đã ngày càng trở nên đa dạng, phong phú và “khổng lồ” hơn bao giờ hết, đến nỗi khiến cả thế giới phải kinh ngạc. Bởi họ không “nối nghiệp” một cách rập khuôn bằng cách tuân thủ nghiêm ngặt theo những công thức ủ bia truyền thống. Mà ngược lại, luôn liên tục nghiên cứu, tìm tòi, sáng tạo ra nhiều chủng nấm men lạ, tạo ra những công thức nấu ủ khác biệt, từ đó mà nhiều loại bia Bỉ với những phong cách và hương vị mới mẻ được ra đời.

Và người ta cũng không lấy làm lạ, khi không ít các chuyên gia bia hàng đầu trên thế giới lại có quốc tịch đến từ chính “xứ sở ngàn bia” xinh đẹp này – Vương quốc Bỉ.

văn hóa bia Bỉ, bia thủ công

Jef Van Den Steen- Một trong những chuyên gia bia hàng đầu thế giới đến từ Bỉ.

Bí mật thứ 3 của văn hóa bia Bỉ :Nguyên liệu chọn lọc & Quy trình sản xuất nghiêm ngặt

Bí quyết làm bia truyền thống của người Bỉ được bảo tồn qua nhiều thế hệ và ngày càng phát triển với công nghệ sản xuất hiện đại, tiên tiến, năng xuất hơn và đặc biệt, họ không chuyển giao ra nước ngoài.

Từng quy trình của quá trình sản xuất và bảo quản bia Bỉ được chọn lọc vô cùng kỹ lưỡng, nếu không nói thì có lẽ cũng ít người biết, bia Bỉ với bí quyết nấu ủ được lưu truyền hằng trăm năm của những thế hệ đầu tiên, từ khâu chọn lọc từng bông hoa bia, từng giống lúa mạch, nguồn nước; hay việc ngâm ủ hạt, lên men, cho đến khâu đóng chai, tất cả đều được những người sản xuất dồn hết cả tâm huyết của mình cho sự ra đời của từng mẻ bia. Chính vì sự chọn lọc nguyên liệu kỹ lưỡng và quy trình sản xuất nghiêm ngặt này, mà bia Bỉ luôn được chính những người dân bản xứ của mình lựa chọn làm thức uống yêu thích quen thuộc và thậm chí hàng ngày, bởi sự đảm bảo về sức khỏe của nó. Và trên hết là văn hóa uống bia vô cùng văn minh của xứ sở này – Một văn hóa uống bia mang lại lợi ích tích cực và hỗ trợ tốt cho sức khỏe của người dùng: Theo tiêu chuẩn khuyến cáo của bộ y tế thế giới – 1 chai bia Bỉ/nữ/ngày và 2 chai bia Bỉ/nam/ngày.

văn hóa bia Bỉ, bia thủ công

Một góc bên trong một trong nhà máy Van Honsebrouck, cha đẻ của các dòng bia chai lùn Bỉ: Kasteel, Filou và Barista chocolate Quad

Bí mật thứ 4: Kho tàng Bia Giải thưởng khổng lồ:

“Tiếng thơm” của bia Bỉ dường như đã khiến cho giới mộ điệu trên khắp các diễn đàn review bia hàng đầu như thế giới như ratebeer, beeradvocate… đã không tiếc lời khen ngợi, và thậm chí họ còn hào phóng vinh danh cho không ít bia Bỉ vào hàng top những dòng bia ngon nhất thế giới.

Kết quả chung cuộc của các cuộc thi bia được tổ chức định kỳ hằng năm bởi các tổ chức đánh giá bia quy mô và đẳng cấp quốc tế hàng đầu thế giới như World Beer Award, World Beer Cup, European Beer Star…cũng dường như chưa bao giờ vắng bóng các nhãn hiệu bia thủ công Bỉ khỏi hạng mục các giải thưởng danh giá nhất…

Bí mật thứ 5: Không có nấm men, thì không có bia Bỉ

Nấm men đóng vai trò hết sức quan trọng trong công nghiệp sản xuất bia của Bỉ. Nhờ đặc tính sinh dưỡng của nấm men là quá trình chuyển hóa dịch đường thành ethanol (C2H5OH) và sinh ra khí CO2 là thành phần chính của bia, tạo ra các mùi vị đặc trưng cho sản phẩm, tùy vào mỗi loại nấm men khác nhau mà tạo ra các mùi vị khác nhau cho bia Bỉ.

Không chỉ là một trong 4 thành phần chính cơ bản bắt buộc phải có của bia Bỉ là: Nước, nấm men, hoa bia và mạch nha, mà thậm chí nấm men còn được xem là “linh hồn” của bia Bỉ. Ít ai biết rằng, chính nấm men là yếu tố làm nên sự đa dạng vốn có của kho tàng bia Bỉ khổng lồ hiện nay với hơn 1600 loại.

Bên cạnh những loại bia Bỉ đặc thù chỉ sử dụng nấm men tự nhiên như bia Lambic Bỉ, thì phần lớn các nhà máy hoặc xưởng sản xuất bia tại Bỉ đều tự nuôi cấy một hoặc vài chủng nấm men cho riêng những “đứa con tinh thần” của mình, và chúng được xem là “bí quyết”, là “linh hồn” làm nên hương vị đặc trưng không thể lẫn của mỗi loại bia. Cũng chính vì thế, mà việc nấm men bị nhiễm bẩn chính là điều đáng sợ và tồi tệ nhất có thể xảy ra với bất kỳ nhà máy bia Bỉ nào. Do đó, việc nuôi cấy nấm men phải được duy trì hết sức cẩn thận, các nhà máy bia thường phải đặt cách xa các khu vực đông dân cư, hay xa các trường đại học cũng chính bởi lý do này.

văn hóa bia Bỉ, bia thủ công

Bia thầy tu Westmalle Tripel, một trong những dòng bia vàng của Bỉ với lớp men thứ cấp còn lại trong chai có thể nhìn thấy rõ rệt.

Theo disanbiabi

Bài viết trước đó Cách đơn giản giúp phân biệt bia thật, giả
Bài viết sau đó Sử dụng nấm men và những lỗi cần tránh khi nấu bia thủ công

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